Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE): Biosynthesis, Derivatives and Formulations with Neuroprotective Activities
Date
Authors
Pérez, Rebeca
Burgos, Viviana
Marin, Victor
Camins, Antoni
Olloquequi, Jordi
González-Chavarría, Iván
Ulrich, Henning
Wyneken, Ursula
Luarte, Alejandro
Ortíz, Leandro
Burgos, Viviana
Marin, Victor
Camins, Antoni
Olloquequi, Jordi
González-Chavarría, Iván
Ulrich, Henning
Wyneken, Ursula
Luarte, Alejandro
Ortíz, Leandro
Authors
Date
Datos de publicación:
10.3390/antiox12081500
Keywords
Anti-inflammatory - Antioxidant - Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester - Cape Derivatives - Neuroprotection - Nf-?b - Nrf2
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by a progressive process of degeneration and neuronal death, where oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are key factors that contribute to the progression of these diseases. Therefore, two major pathways involved in these pathologies have been proposed as relevant therapeutic targets: The nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2), which responds to oxidative stress with cytoprotecting activity; and the nuclear factor NF-?B pathway, which is highly related to the neuroinflammatory process by promoting cytokine expression. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a phenylpropanoid naturally found in propolis that shows important biological activities, including neuroprotective activity by modulating the Nrf2 and NF-?B pathways, promoting antioxidant enzyme expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression. Its simple chemical structure has inspired the synthesis of many derivatives, with aliphatic and/or aromatic moieties, some of which have improved the biological properties. Moreover, new drug delivery systems increase the bioavailability of these compounds in vivo, allowing its transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier, thus protecting brain cells from the increased inflammatory status associated to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of CAPE derivatives, their miscellaneous activities, and relevant studies (from 2010 to 2023), addressing their neuroprotective activity in vitro and in vivo. © 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Description
Keywords
Anti-inflammatory , Antioxidant , Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester , Cape Derivatives , Neuroprotection , Nf-?b , Nrf2
Citation
10.3390/antiox12081500