Global maps of soil temperature
Global maps of soil temperature
Authors
Lembrechts
Jonas J. van den Hoogen
Johan Aalto
Juha Ashcroft
Michael B. De Frenne
Pieter Kemppinen
Julia Kopecky
Martin Luoto
Miska Maclean
Ilya M. D. Crowther
Thomas W. Bailey
Joseph J. Haesen
Stef Klinges
David H. Niittynen
Pekka Scheffers
Brett R. Van Meerbeek
Koenraad Aartsma
Peter Abdalaze
Otar Abedi
Mehdi Aerts
Rien Ahmadian
Negar Ahrends
Antje Alatalo
Juha M. Alexander
Jake M. Allonsius
Camille Nina Altman
Jan Ammann
Christof Andres
Christian Andrews
Christopher Ardo
Jonas Arriga
Nicola Arzac
Alberto Aschero
Valeria Assis
Rafael L. Assmann
Jakob Johann Bader
Maaike Y. Bahalkeh
Khadijeh Barancok
Peter Barrio
Isabel C. Barros
Agustina Barthel
Matti Basham
Edmund W. Bauters
Marijn Bazzichetto
Manuele Marchesini
Luca Belelli Bell
Michael C. Benavides
Juan C. Benito Alonso
Jose Luis Berauer
Bernd J. Bjerke
Jarle W. Bjork
Robert G. Bjorkman
Mats P. Bjornsdottir
Katrin Blonder
Benjamin Boeckx
Pascal Boike
Julia Bokhorst
Stef Brum
Barbara N. S. Bruna
Josef Buchmann
Nina Buysse
Pauline Camargo
Jose Luis Campoe
Otavio C. Candan
Onur Canessa
Rafaella Cannone
Nicoletta Carbognani
Michele Carnicer
Jofre Casanova-Katny
Angelica Cesarz
Simone Chojnicki
Bogdan Choler
Philippe Chown
Steven L. Cifuentes
Edgar F. Ciliak
Marek Contador
Tamara Convey
Peter Cooper
Elisabeth J. Cremonese
Edoardo Curasi
Salvatore R. Curtis
Robin Cutini
Maurizio Dahlberg
C. Johan Daskalova
Gergana N. Angel de Pablo
Miguel Della Chiesa
Stefano Dengler
Juergen Deronde
Bart Descombes
Patrice Di Cecco
Valter Di Musciano
Michele Dick
Jan Dimarco
Romina D. Dolezal
Jiri Dorrepaal
Ellen Dusek
Jiri Eisenhauer
Nico Eklundh
Lars Erickson
Todd E. Erschbamer
Brigitta Eugster
Werner Ewers
Robert M. Exton
Dan A. Fanin
Nicolas Fazlioglu
Fatih Feigenwinter
Iris Fenu
Giuseppe Ferlian
Olga Fernandez Calzado
M. Rosa Fernandez-Pascual
Eduardo Finckh
Manfred Higgens
Rebecca Finger Forte
T'ai G. W. Freeman
Erika C. Frei
Esther R. Fuentes-Lillo
Eduardo Garcia
Rafael A. Garcia
Maria B. Geron
Charly Gharun
Mana Ghosn
Dany Gigauri
Khatuna Gobin
Anne Goded
Ignacio Goeckede
Mathias Gottschall
Felix Goulding
Keith Govaert
Sanne Graae
Bente Jessen Greenwood
Sarah Greiser
Caroline Grelle
Achim Guenard
Benoit Guglielmin
Mauro Guillemot
Joannes Haase
Peter Haider
Sylvia Halbritter
Aud H. Hamid
Maroof Hammerle
Albin Hampe
Arndt Haugum
Siri
V Hederova
Lucia Heinesch
Bernard Helfter
Carole Hepenstrick
Daniel Herberich
Maximiliane Herbst
Mathias Hermanutz
Luise Hik
David S. Hoffren
Raul Homeier
Juergen Hortnagl
Lukas Hoye
Toke T. Hrbacek
Filip Hylander
Kristoffer Iwata
Hiroki Jackowicz-Korczynski
Marcin Antoni Jactel
Herve Jarveoja
Jarvi Jastrzebowski
Szymon Jentsch
Anke Jimenez
Juan J. Jonsdottir
Ingibjorg S. Jucker
Tommaso Jump
Alistair S. Juszczak
Radoslaw Kanka
Robert Kaspar
Vit Kazakis
George Kelly
Julia Khuroo
Anzar A. Klemedtsson
Leif Klisz
Marcin Kljun
Natascha Knohl
Alexander Kobler
Johannes Kollar
Jozef Kotowska
Martyna M. Kovacs
Bence Kreyling
Juergen Lamprecht
Andrea Lang
Simone
I Larson
Christian Larson
Keith Laska
Kamil Maire
Guerric Ie Leihy
Rachel
I Lens
Luc Liljebladh
Bengt Lohila
Annalea Lorite
Juan Loubet
Benjamin Lynn
Joshua Macek
Martin Mackenzie
Roy Magliulo
Enzo Maier
Regine Malfasi
Francesco Malis
Frantisek Man
Matej Manca
Giovanni Manco
Antonio Manise
Tanguy Manolaki
Paraskevi Marciniak
Felipe Matula
Radim Clara Mazzolari
Ana Medinets
Sergiy Medinets
Volodymyr Meeussen
Camille Merinero
Sonia Guimaraes Mesquita
Rita de Cassia Meusburger
Katrin Meysman
Filip J. R. Michaletz
Sean T. Milbau
Ann Moiseev
Dmitry Moiseev
Pavel Mondoni
Andrea Monfries
Ruth Montagnani
Leonardo Moriana-Armendariz
Mikel di Cella
Umberto Morra Moersdorf
Martin Mosedale
Jonathan R. Muffler
Lena Munoz-Rojas
Miriam Myers
Jonathan A. Myers-Smith
Isla H. Nagy
Laszlo Nardino
Marianna Naujokaitis-Lewis
Ilona Newling
Emily Nicklas
Lena Niedrist
Georg Niessner
Armin Nilsson
Mats B. Normand
Signe Nosetto
Marcelo D. Nouvellon
Yann Nunez
Martin A. Ogaya
Roma Ogee
Jerome Okello
Joseph Olejnik
Janusz Olesen
Jorgen Eivind Opedal
Oystein H. Orsenigo
Simone Palaj
Andrej Pampuch
Timo Panov
Alexey
V Partel
Meelis Pastor
Ada Pauchard
Anibal Pauli
Harald Pavelka
Marian Pearse
William D. Peichl
Matthias Pellissier
Loic Penczykowski
Rachel M. Penuelas
Josep Bon
Matteo Petit Petraglia
Alessandro Phartyal
Shyam S. Phoenix
Gareth K. Pio
Casimiro Pitacco
Andrea Pitteloud
Camille Plichta
Roman Porro
Francesco Portillo-Estrada
Miguel Poulenard
Jerome Poyatos
Rafael Prokushkin
Anatoly S. Puchalka
Radoslaw Puscas
Mihai Radujkovic
Dajana Randall
Krystal Backes
Amanda Ratier Remmele
Sabine Remmers
Wolfram Renault
David Risch
Anita C. Rixen
Christian Robinson
Sharon A. Robroek
Bjorn J. M. Rocha
Adrian
V Rossi
Christian Rossi
Graziano Roupsard
Olivier Rubtsov
Alexey
V Saccone
Patrick Sagot
Clotilde Sallo Bravo
Jhonatan Santos
Cinthya C. Sarneel
Judith M. Scharnweber
Tobias Schmeddes
Jonas Schmidt
Marius Scholten
Thomas Schuchardt
Max Schwartz
Naomi Scott
Tony Seeber
Julia Segalin de Andrade
Ana Cristina Seipel
Tim Semenchuk
Philipp Senior
Rebecca A. Serra-Diaz
Josep M. Sewerniak
Piotr Shekhar
Ankit Sidenko
Nikita
V Siebicke
Lukas Collier
Laura Siegwart Simpson
Elizabeth Siqueira
David P. Sitkova
Zuzana Six
Johan Smiljanic
Marko Smith
Stuart W. Smith-Tripp
Sarah Somers
Ben Sorensen
Mia Vedel Souza
Jose Joao L. L. Souza
Bartolomeu Israel Dias
Arildo Souza Spasojevic
Marko J. Speed
James D. M. Spicher
Fabien Stanisci
Angela Steinbauer
Klaus Steinbrecher
Rainer Steinwandter
Michael Stemkovski
Michael Stephan
Jorg G. Stiegler
Christian Stoll
Stefan Svatek
Martin Svoboda
Miroslav Tagesson
Torbern Tanentzap
Andrew J. Tanneberger
Franziska Theurillat
Jean-Paul Thomas
Haydn J. D. Thomas
Andrew D. Tielboerger
Katja Tomaselli
Marcello Treier
Urs Albert Trouillier
Mario Turtureanu
Pavel Dan Tutton
Rosamond Tyystjarvi
Vilna A. Ueyama
Masahito Ujhazy
Karol Ujhazyova
Mariana Uogintas
Domas Urban
Anastasiya
V Urban
Josef Urbaniak
Marek Ursu
Tudor-Mihai Vaccari
Francesco Primo Van de Vondel
Stijn van den Brink
Liesbeth Van Geel
Maarten Vandvik
Vigdis Vangansbeke
Pieter Varlagin
Andrej Veen
G. F. Veenendaal
Elmar Venn
Susanna E. Verbeeck
Hans Verbrugggen
Erik Verheijen
Frank G. A. Villar
Luis Vitale
Luca Vittoz
Pascal Vives-Ingla
Maria von Oppen
Jonathan Walz
Josefine Wang
Runxi Wang
Yifeng Way
Robert G. Wedegartner
Ronja E. M. Weigel
Robert Wild
Jan Wilkinson
Matthew Wilmking
Martin Wingate
Lisa Winkler
Manuela Wipf
Sonja Wohlfahrt
Georg Xenakis
Georgios Yang
Yan Yu
Zicheng Yu
Kailiang Zellweger
Florian Zhang
Jian Zhang
Zhaochen Zhao
Peng Ziemblinska
Klaudia Zimmermann
Reiner Zong
Shengwei Zyryanov
Viacheslav
I Nijs
Ivan Lenoir
Jonathan
Jonas J. van den Hoogen
Johan Aalto
Juha Ashcroft
Michael B. De Frenne
Pieter Kemppinen
Julia Kopecky
Martin Luoto
Miska Maclean
Ilya M. D. Crowther
Thomas W. Bailey
Joseph J. Haesen
Stef Klinges
David H. Niittynen
Pekka Scheffers
Brett R. Van Meerbeek
Koenraad Aartsma
Peter Abdalaze
Otar Abedi
Mehdi Aerts
Rien Ahmadian
Negar Ahrends
Antje Alatalo
Juha M. Alexander
Jake M. Allonsius
Camille Nina Altman
Jan Ammann
Christof Andres
Christian Andrews
Christopher Ardo
Jonas Arriga
Nicola Arzac
Alberto Aschero
Valeria Assis
Rafael L. Assmann
Jakob Johann Bader
Maaike Y. Bahalkeh
Khadijeh Barancok
Peter Barrio
Isabel C. Barros
Agustina Barthel
Matti Basham
Edmund W. Bauters
Marijn Bazzichetto
Manuele Marchesini
Luca Belelli Bell
Michael C. Benavides
Juan C. Benito Alonso
Jose Luis Berauer
Bernd J. Bjerke
Jarle W. Bjork
Robert G. Bjorkman
Mats P. Bjornsdottir
Katrin Blonder
Benjamin Boeckx
Pascal Boike
Julia Bokhorst
Stef Brum
Barbara N. S. Bruna
Josef Buchmann
Nina Buysse
Pauline Camargo
Jose Luis Campoe
Otavio C. Candan
Onur Canessa
Rafaella Cannone
Nicoletta Carbognani
Michele Carnicer
Jofre Casanova-Katny
Angelica Cesarz
Simone Chojnicki
Bogdan Choler
Philippe Chown
Steven L. Cifuentes
Edgar F. Ciliak
Marek Contador
Tamara Convey
Peter Cooper
Elisabeth J. Cremonese
Edoardo Curasi
Salvatore R. Curtis
Robin Cutini
Maurizio Dahlberg
C. Johan Daskalova
Gergana N. Angel de Pablo
Miguel Della Chiesa
Stefano Dengler
Juergen Deronde
Bart Descombes
Patrice Di Cecco
Valter Di Musciano
Michele Dick
Jan Dimarco
Romina D. Dolezal
Jiri Dorrepaal
Ellen Dusek
Jiri Eisenhauer
Nico Eklundh
Lars Erickson
Todd E. Erschbamer
Brigitta Eugster
Werner Ewers
Robert M. Exton
Dan A. Fanin
Nicolas Fazlioglu
Fatih Feigenwinter
Iris Fenu
Giuseppe Ferlian
Olga Fernandez Calzado
M. Rosa Fernandez-Pascual
Eduardo Finckh
Manfred Higgens
Rebecca Finger Forte
T'ai G. W. Freeman
Erika C. Frei
Esther R. Fuentes-Lillo
Eduardo Garcia
Rafael A. Garcia
Maria B. Geron
Charly Gharun
Mana Ghosn
Dany Gigauri
Khatuna Gobin
Anne Goded
Ignacio Goeckede
Mathias Gottschall
Felix Goulding
Keith Govaert
Sanne Graae
Bente Jessen Greenwood
Sarah Greiser
Caroline Grelle
Achim Guenard
Benoit Guglielmin
Mauro Guillemot
Joannes Haase
Peter Haider
Sylvia Halbritter
Aud H. Hamid
Maroof Hammerle
Albin Hampe
Arndt Haugum
Siri
V Hederova
Lucia Heinesch
Bernard Helfter
Carole Hepenstrick
Daniel Herberich
Maximiliane Herbst
Mathias Hermanutz
Luise Hik
David S. Hoffren
Raul Homeier
Juergen Hortnagl
Lukas Hoye
Toke T. Hrbacek
Filip Hylander
Kristoffer Iwata
Hiroki Jackowicz-Korczynski
Marcin Antoni Jactel
Herve Jarveoja
Jarvi Jastrzebowski
Szymon Jentsch
Anke Jimenez
Juan J. Jonsdottir
Ingibjorg S. Jucker
Tommaso Jump
Alistair S. Juszczak
Radoslaw Kanka
Robert Kaspar
Vit Kazakis
George Kelly
Julia Khuroo
Anzar A. Klemedtsson
Leif Klisz
Marcin Kljun
Natascha Knohl
Alexander Kobler
Johannes Kollar
Jozef Kotowska
Martyna M. Kovacs
Bence Kreyling
Juergen Lamprecht
Andrea Lang
Simone
I Larson
Christian Larson
Keith Laska
Kamil Maire
Guerric Ie Leihy
Rachel
I Lens
Luc Liljebladh
Bengt Lohila
Annalea Lorite
Juan Loubet
Benjamin Lynn
Joshua Macek
Martin Mackenzie
Roy Magliulo
Enzo Maier
Regine Malfasi
Francesco Malis
Frantisek Man
Matej Manca
Giovanni Manco
Antonio Manise
Tanguy Manolaki
Paraskevi Marciniak
Felipe Matula
Radim Clara Mazzolari
Ana Medinets
Sergiy Medinets
Volodymyr Meeussen
Camille Merinero
Sonia Guimaraes Mesquita
Rita de Cassia Meusburger
Katrin Meysman
Filip J. R. Michaletz
Sean T. Milbau
Ann Moiseev
Dmitry Moiseev
Pavel Mondoni
Andrea Monfries
Ruth Montagnani
Leonardo Moriana-Armendariz
Mikel di Cella
Umberto Morra Moersdorf
Martin Mosedale
Jonathan R. Muffler
Lena Munoz-Rojas
Miriam Myers
Jonathan A. Myers-Smith
Isla H. Nagy
Laszlo Nardino
Marianna Naujokaitis-Lewis
Ilona Newling
Emily Nicklas
Lena Niedrist
Georg Niessner
Armin Nilsson
Mats B. Normand
Signe Nosetto
Marcelo D. Nouvellon
Yann Nunez
Martin A. Ogaya
Roma Ogee
Jerome Okello
Joseph Olejnik
Janusz Olesen
Jorgen Eivind Opedal
Oystein H. Orsenigo
Simone Palaj
Andrej Pampuch
Timo Panov
Alexey
V Partel
Meelis Pastor
Ada Pauchard
Anibal Pauli
Harald Pavelka
Marian Pearse
William D. Peichl
Matthias Pellissier
Loic Penczykowski
Rachel M. Penuelas
Josep Bon
Matteo Petit Petraglia
Alessandro Phartyal
Shyam S. Phoenix
Gareth K. Pio
Casimiro Pitacco
Andrea Pitteloud
Camille Plichta
Roman Porro
Francesco Portillo-Estrada
Miguel Poulenard
Jerome Poyatos
Rafael Prokushkin
Anatoly S. Puchalka
Radoslaw Puscas
Mihai Radujkovic
Dajana Randall
Krystal Backes
Amanda Ratier Remmele
Sabine Remmers
Wolfram Renault
David Risch
Anita C. Rixen
Christian Robinson
Sharon A. Robroek
Bjorn J. M. Rocha
Adrian
V Rossi
Christian Rossi
Graziano Roupsard
Olivier Rubtsov
Alexey
V Saccone
Patrick Sagot
Clotilde Sallo Bravo
Jhonatan Santos
Cinthya C. Sarneel
Judith M. Scharnweber
Tobias Schmeddes
Jonas Schmidt
Marius Scholten
Thomas Schuchardt
Max Schwartz
Naomi Scott
Tony Seeber
Julia Segalin de Andrade
Ana Cristina Seipel
Tim Semenchuk
Philipp Senior
Rebecca A. Serra-Diaz
Josep M. Sewerniak
Piotr Shekhar
Ankit Sidenko
Nikita
V Siebicke
Lukas Collier
Laura Siegwart Simpson
Elizabeth Siqueira
David P. Sitkova
Zuzana Six
Johan Smiljanic
Marko Smith
Stuart W. Smith-Tripp
Sarah Somers
Ben Sorensen
Mia Vedel Souza
Jose Joao L. L. Souza
Bartolomeu Israel Dias
Arildo Souza Spasojevic
Marko J. Speed
James D. M. Spicher
Fabien Stanisci
Angela Steinbauer
Klaus Steinbrecher
Rainer Steinwandter
Michael Stemkovski
Michael Stephan
Jorg G. Stiegler
Christian Stoll
Stefan Svatek
Martin Svoboda
Miroslav Tagesson
Torbern Tanentzap
Andrew J. Tanneberger
Franziska Theurillat
Jean-Paul Thomas
Haydn J. D. Thomas
Andrew D. Tielboerger
Katja Tomaselli
Marcello Treier
Urs Albert Trouillier
Mario Turtureanu
Pavel Dan Tutton
Rosamond Tyystjarvi
Vilna A. Ueyama
Masahito Ujhazy
Karol Ujhazyova
Mariana Uogintas
Domas Urban
Anastasiya
V Urban
Josef Urbaniak
Marek Ursu
Tudor-Mihai Vaccari
Francesco Primo Van de Vondel
Stijn van den Brink
Liesbeth Van Geel
Maarten Vandvik
Vigdis Vangansbeke
Pieter Varlagin
Andrej Veen
G. F. Veenendaal
Elmar Venn
Susanna E. Verbeeck
Hans Verbrugggen
Erik Verheijen
Frank G. A. Villar
Luis Vitale
Luca Vittoz
Pascal Vives-Ingla
Maria von Oppen
Jonathan Walz
Josefine Wang
Runxi Wang
Yifeng Way
Robert G. Wedegartner
Ronja E. M. Weigel
Robert Wild
Jan Wilkinson
Matthew Wilmking
Martin Wingate
Lisa Winkler
Manuela Wipf
Sonja Wohlfahrt
Georg Xenakis
Georgios Yang
Yan Yu
Zicheng Yu
Kailiang Zellweger
Florian Zhang
Jian Zhang
Zhaochen Zhao
Peng Ziemblinska
Klaudia Zimmermann
Reiner Zong
Shengwei Zyryanov
Viacheslav
I Nijs
Ivan Lenoir
Jonathan
Authors
Date
Datos de publicaciĆ³n:
10.1111/gcb.16060
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Abstract
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km(2) resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km(2) pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10 degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/- 2.1 degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/- 2.3 degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 +/- 2.3 degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.