Arquitectura radical y estados fenológicos de cultivos andinos quínoa, amaranto, lupino y alforfón en un Andisol del sur de Chile
Arquitectura radical y estados fenológicos de cultivos andinos quínoa, amaranto, lupino y alforfón en un Andisol del sur de Chile
Authors
Solano Solís, Jaime
González Villagra, Jorge
Collinao Calfumán, Mauricio
Borie Borie, Fernando
Castillo Rubio, Claudia
González Villagra, Jorge
Collinao Calfumán, Mauricio
Borie Borie, Fernando
Castillo Rubio, Claudia
Authors
Date
2021
Datos de publicación:
10.4067/S0718-34292021000200023
Keywords
Longitud total de raíces - Cultivos no micorrícicos - WinRhizo - Rotación de cultivos - P disponible
Collections
Abstract
En Andisoles del sur de Chile, el rendimiento de los cultivos está principalmente limitado por fijación de fósforo (P) y fitotoxicidad por aluminio (Al3+), existieron escasos antecedentes sobre rotaciones con trigo que incluyan cultivos andinos. Resulta relevante el conocimiento de la arquitectura radical en estos cultivos con el fin de mejorar su productividad, al otorgar una mayor capacidad de absorción de agua, nutrientes y tolerancia a estreses bióticos y abióticos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la arquitectura
radical en estadios tempranos de desarrollo de cultivos andinos establecidos en un Andisol del sur de Chile en condiciones de campo. Durante la temporada 2019/2020 se estableció un ensayo en campo utilizando cuatro cultivos: alforfón (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), amaranto (Amaranthus spp.), lupino (Lupinus albus L.) y quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.), todos no micorrizables, y como comparación se usó avena (Avena sativa L.), un cultivo micorrizable. En el periodo de crecimiento se realizaron cuatro
muestreos de plantas y suelo registrando estadios fenológicos y evaluando arquitectura de raíces, pH del suelo y P disponible. En la primera mitad del ciclo vegetativo, el crecimiento de los cultivos fue continuo y se redujo drásticamente al final del ciclo de desarrollo, por la sequía imperante durante los meses de verano. Estas condiciones climáticas afectaron a quínoa y lupino, los cuales mostraron alta sensibilidad al estrés hídrico. En general, en todos los cultivos se observó una buena arquitectura radical, lo que sugiere una movilización de P en forma más eficiente. Mayor longitud radical se obtuvo en el alforfón, mientras que mejor capacidad de adaptación al medio se observó en quínoa. Se concluye que, mediante un adecuado manejo agronómico al incorporar quínoa o amaranto como precultivos en rotación con trigo, se podría incrementar la disponibilidad de P para el cultivo siguiente reduciendo la aplicación de fertilizantes químicos.
In Andisols of Southern Chile, crop yield is mainly limited by P fixation and aluminum phytotoxicity (Al 3+ ), but scarce information in these soils is known in rotations, including wheat after Andean crops. It is very relevant to the knowledge of such crops'root architecture to improve productivity through a greater absorption capacity of water, nutrients, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this work was to evaluate root architecture at early phenological stages of Andean crops in an acidic Andisol from Southern Chile. During the 2019/2020 season, a field trial was established using four non-mycorrhizal cultures: buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), lupine (Lupinus albus L.), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.), and compared with oats (Avena sativa L.) a mycorrhizal culture. During the growth period, four plant and soil samplings were carried out, evaluating phenological stages, root architecture, together with soil pH and P-availability. During the first half of the vegetative cycle, the growth of the crops was continuous but drastically reduced at the end development cycle due to the prevailing drought during the summer months. These climatic conditions affected quinoa and lupine growth showing high sensitivity to water stress. In general, all crops showed good root architecture, suggesting a more efficient P mobilization. A greater root length was obtained in buckwheat, while a better adaptation capacity to the environmental conditions was observed in quinoa. It is concluded that through suitable agronomic management by incorporating quinoa or amaranth as pre-crops of wheat in a rotation, the P-availability for the next crop could be increased by reducing the application of chemical fertilizers.
In Andisols of Southern Chile, crop yield is mainly limited by P fixation and aluminum phytotoxicity (Al 3+ ), but scarce information in these soils is known in rotations, including wheat after Andean crops. It is very relevant to the knowledge of such crops'root architecture to improve productivity through a greater absorption capacity of water, nutrients, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this work was to evaluate root architecture at early phenological stages of Andean crops in an acidic Andisol from Southern Chile. During the 2019/2020 season, a field trial was established using four non-mycorrhizal cultures: buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), lupine (Lupinus albus L.), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.), and compared with oats (Avena sativa L.) a mycorrhizal culture. During the growth period, four plant and soil samplings were carried out, evaluating phenological stages, root architecture, together with soil pH and P-availability. During the first half of the vegetative cycle, the growth of the crops was continuous but drastically reduced at the end development cycle due to the prevailing drought during the summer months. These climatic conditions affected quinoa and lupine growth showing high sensitivity to water stress. In general, all crops showed good root architecture, suggesting a more efficient P mobilization. A greater root length was obtained in buckwheat, while a better adaptation capacity to the environmental conditions was observed in quinoa. It is concluded that through suitable agronomic management by incorporating quinoa or amaranth as pre-crops of wheat in a rotation, the P-availability for the next crop could be increased by reducing the application of chemical fertilizers.