Experiencia formativa en escuelas monoculturales de la Araucanía, Chile: memoria de mujeres en Cholchol y Maquehue
Experiencia formativa en escuelas monoculturales de la Araucanía, Chile: memoria de mujeres en Cholchol y Maquehue
Authors
Huaiquián Billeke, Claudia
Estay Sepúlveda, Juan
Estay Sepúlveda, Juan
Authors
Date
Datos de publicación:
Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana, Vol. 21, N° 33, 107-119, 2019
Keywords
Mujeres mapuche - Memoria social
Collections
Abstract
Esta investigación se enmarca en los resultados preliminares de un proyecto Fondecyt regular. Este artículo tiene como objetivo develar descriptivamente la memoria social de cinco mujeres, abuelas indígenas de la comunidades mapuche de Maquehue y del sector Cholchol, con un rango de edad que oscila entre los sesenta y los setenta años, desde sus subjetividades, sus particularidades y sentimientos; el texto aborda el problema de la invisibilización de la sabiduría ancestral indígena de las abuelas mapuche, las principales agentes de transmisión cultural de generación en generación. El marco teórico se orienta a partir del enfoque intercultural, y, por otra parte, el modelo formativo mapuche Kimeltuwun, (proceso educativo mapuche) el cual se vehiculiza a través de epew (cuentos), peumas (sueños) y piam (relatos antiguos). Los relatos fueron socializados desde sus propios territorios, donde compartieron sus vivencias escolares, lo cual, indudablemente, enriqueció la experiencia investigativa. La reconstrucción de la memoria surge del recuerdo de la escolarización monocultural que vivieron en su infancia. Los datos se recogieron a través de entrevista en profundidad y nuw tram, al amparo de un acercamiento intercultural al campo. Los resultados dan cuenta de cómo se fueron invisibilizando sus conocimientos ancestrales en la educación que recibieron, cargada de disciplina y rigidez, centrada siempre en roles domésticos (lavar platos, limpiar pisos, buscar leña), alejados completamente de su propio reconocimiento, su identidad, su autosuperación y su participación social, sin considerar su legado ancestral y todo su contexto. La escuela invade su cultura, la ignora, alejándose de su esencia mapuche, que no es otra que la vida en armonía con la naturaleza.
This research is framed in the preliminary results of a regular Fondecyt project and its aim is to reveal and describe the social memory of fve women who are indigenous grandmothers of the Mapuche communities in Maquehue and Cholchol areas. All of them aged between sixty and seventy years. Based on subjectivities, particularities, and feelings of the Mapuche grandmothers, main agents of intergenerational cultural transmission, the text addresses the problem of the invisibility of indigenous ancestral wisdom. The theoretical framework is based on the intercultural approach and, on the Mapuche formative model Kimeltuwun (Mapuche educational process) which is conveyed through epew (stories), peumas (dreams) and piam (ancient narratives). The stories were socialized in their own territories, just where they shared their school experiences; this factor, undoubtedly, enriched the research experience. The reconstruction of memory arises from the monocultural schooling they shared in their childhood. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and nuw tram, as part of an intercultural approach to the countryside. The results show how their ancestral knowledge became invisible in the education they received, overloaded with discipline and rigidity, and always focused on domestic roles (washing dishes, cleaning foors, looking for frewood), completely distant from their own recognition, identity, self-improvement and social participation, their ancestral legacy and their context was left aside. The school invades its culture, ignores it, moves them away from their Mapuche essence, which consists essentially of a life in harmony with nature.
This research is framed in the preliminary results of a regular Fondecyt project and its aim is to reveal and describe the social memory of fve women who are indigenous grandmothers of the Mapuche communities in Maquehue and Cholchol areas. All of them aged between sixty and seventy years. Based on subjectivities, particularities, and feelings of the Mapuche grandmothers, main agents of intergenerational cultural transmission, the text addresses the problem of the invisibility of indigenous ancestral wisdom. The theoretical framework is based on the intercultural approach and, on the Mapuche formative model Kimeltuwun (Mapuche educational process) which is conveyed through epew (stories), peumas (dreams) and piam (ancient narratives). The stories were socialized in their own territories, just where they shared their school experiences; this factor, undoubtedly, enriched the research experience. The reconstruction of memory arises from the monocultural schooling they shared in their childhood. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and nuw tram, as part of an intercultural approach to the countryside. The results show how their ancestral knowledge became invisible in the education they received, overloaded with discipline and rigidity, and always focused on domestic roles (washing dishes, cleaning foors, looking for frewood), completely distant from their own recognition, identity, self-improvement and social participation, their ancestral legacy and their context was left aside. The school invades its culture, ignores it, moves them away from their Mapuche essence, which consists essentially of a life in harmony with nature.