VALDEBENITO ISLER, NEMESIO IVAN
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Effect of the temperature of activation medium on fish sperm quality: Impact on fertilization in vitro in aquaculture practice
Motility is a key in spermatozoon function, determining semen quality and fertilizing capacity. Motility in fish spermatozoa occurs when they are diluted in a swimming solution, the adequacy of which is determined by factors which vary by species. Spermatozoon motility rate and velocity, as well as the duration of the motility period, are influenced by the temperature of the swimming medium. Increasing the temperature of the swimming medium has a significant negative effect on spermatozoa motility kinematics. It increases the metabolism rate of cells, causing a mismatch of energy resources and promoting changes in sperm movement. It also generates an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus oxidative stress, and moreover results in an inadequate capacity of antioxidant enzymes to protect the cell against the effects of oxidative stress induced by higher temperatures. The aim of this review is to update present knowledge about: mitochondria main source of ATP; the protein phosphorylation related to motility; epigenetic regulation of the temperature of the activation and the role of ion channels in regulation motility. These mechanisms involved in sperm motility are of vital importance in regulating fertilization, all of which can be influenced by the environment. We emphasize the importance of investigating spermatozoon mechanisms in depth, especially in the context of climate change which results in changing water temperatures. Our findings provide a better understanding of fish sperm physiology, and a biological foundation for the further development of spermatozoon motility investigation, and reproduction technologies.
The CatSper channel is present and plays a key role in sperm motility of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Among all the Ca2+ channels, CatSper channels have been one of the most studied in sperm of different species due to their demonstrated role in the fertilization process. In fish sperm, the calcium channel plays a key role in sperm activation. However, the functionality of the CatSper channels has not been studied in any of the fish species. For the first time, we studied the relationship of the CatSper channel with sperm motility in a fish, using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as the model. The results of our study showed that the CatSper channel in Salmo salar has chemical-physical characteristics similar to those reported for mammalian CatSper channels. In this work, it was shown that Salmo salar CatSper 3 protein has a molecular weight of approximately 55-kDa similar to Homo sapiens CatSper 3. In silico analyses suggest that this channel forms a heterotetramer sensitive to the specific inhibitor HC-056456, with a binding site in the center of the pore of the CatSper channel, hindering or preventing the influx of Ca (2+) ions. The in vitro assay of the sperm motility inhibition of Salmo salar with the inhibitor HC-056456 showed that sperm treated with this inhibitor significantly reduced the total and progressive motility (p < .0001), demonstrating the importance of this ionic channel for this cell. The complementation of the in silico and in vitro analyses of the present work demonstrates that the CatSper channel plays a key role in the regulation of sperm motility in Atlantic salmon.