, BORIE BORIE, FERNANDO RICARDO, Medina, Jorge, Monreal, Carlos M., Orellana, Luis, Calabi-Floody, Marcela, González, María Eugenia, Meier, Sebastián, Borie, Fernando R., Cornejo, Pablo E.

Cellulose and lignin as main components of crop residues have a significant influence on composting operations and composition of the final products. Both are strongly associated, and lignin can be considered an important barrier during the biodegradation process of lignocellulosic materials. Saprophytic fungi are efficient lignin degraders due to their complex enzymatic system. Therefore, the influence of the inoculation of saprophytic fungi (Coriolopsis rigida, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trichoderma harzianum and Trametes versicolor) and the supply of inorganic additives (Al2O3, Fe2O3 and allophanic soil) that promote the stabilization of carbon (C), were analyzed in the biodegradation of wheat straw (WS). The activity of Laccase (LAC), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and ?-glucosidase and changes in temperature, pH and E4/E6 ratio were analyzed in a biodegradation process of 126 days. The activity of LAC, MnP and the E4/E6 ratio were significantly influenced and increased (enzymes) by fungi species, inorganic additives, and time of inorganic material addition, as well as their interactions (p < 0.05). The WS inoculated with T. versicolor showed the highest average activities for LAC, MnP and ?-glucosidase (2000, 220 UL?1 and 400 ?mol pNP g?1 h?1 respectively). Furthermore, the addition of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 increased all the activities regarded to the decomposition of WS and influenced the changes associated with the stabilization of OM in composted WS. In conclusion, the inoculation of WS with T. versicolor in combination with metal oxides improved the enzyme related to the biodegradation process of WS favorizing its stabilization in the medium time, which is of importance in the composting of residues with high C/N ratio. © 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

, BORIE BORIE, FERNANDO RICARDO, CASTILLO RUBIO, CLAUDIA GIOVANNA, Ortiz-Vidal, Nancy, Borie, Fernando R., Castillo, Claudia G.R., Sieverding, Ewald, Aguilera, Paula

The objective of this study was to characterize the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community associated with local varieties of Pinot noir, Sauvignon blanc, and Chardonnay grown in the Malleco and Cautín valleys, in La Araucanía region, Chile. The research attempted to answer the following question: How do soil and climatic conditions, as well as cultivar characteristics could influence root colonization, spore abundance, and AMF composition in vineyards in this emerging region? Rhizosphere samples were collected from two locations and six grapevine cultivars. Root colonization rates and AMF spore abundance were measured, and the spores present were morphologically identified. In addition, differences in the AMF community were evaluated regarding cultivar and plant age. The results showed root colonization rates higher than 50%, with no significant differences between sites. However, variations in spore abundance and AMF community composition were observed among cultivars. Twelve AMF genera were identified, including Glomus, Sclerocystis, Dominikia, Rhizoglomus, Oehlia, and Paraglomus. Overall, Glomus rubiforme, Sclerocystis sp. CL1, Rhizoglomus irregulare, and Diversispora versiformis were the most abundant morphotypes. Additionally, R. irregulare, G. rubiforme, and Paraglomus occultum were consistently detected across nearly all analyzed rhizospheres. The presence of AMF genera varies according to cultivar, but not according to clones or plant age. It is hypothesized that differences in root architecture and root exudates of different grapevine cultivars are responsible for the observed variations in the composition of native AMF. These factors should be further investigated in future studies. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

, BORIE BORIE, FERNANDO RICARDO, Montesdeoca Montesdeoca, Fabian, Avila Salem, Maria, Quishpe Ríos, Janeth, Borie Borie, Fernando, Cornejo Rivas, Pablo, Aguilera Ñonquepan, Paula, Alvarado Ochoa, Soraya, Espinosa, Jose

Conventional tillage (CT) is a soil management system commonly used by small farmers in the Ecuadorian highlands; they remove the soil during seedbed preparation to eliminate weeds, improve soil aeration, avoid compaction, and develop adequate rooting space. CT causes changes in physical, chemical, and biological soil properties but, in the long run, have negative effects on crop performance. Most of these effects can be avoided by using no-tillage (NT). The objective of this study was to determine the initial effects of NT, different fertilization rates and depth levels of sampling on yield and soil chemical and physical properties after the first crop cycle (prior to crop rotation scheme). A long-term field experiment was established to study the soil changes derived from the transition from CT to NT systems in a volcanic soil of the Ecuadorian highlands cultivated with the following crop rotation schemes: beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-beans and beans-amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.)-beans. The results for the first crop cycle show that bean yield was 42% higher under NT compared to CT, indicating that the soil improvements promoted by NT had effects on crop yield; however, only the changes in pH and water storage capacity presented significant differences, levels of soil organic matter, total N, available P, and bulk density showed a trend towards improvements under NT. This suggests that NT allows for increased crop yield and improved crop rotation performance in the medium and long term.

, BORIE BORIE, FERNANDO RICARDO, Santander, Christian, Sanhueza, Mario Aguirre, Olave, Jorge, Borie, Fernando R., Valentine, Alex J., Cornejo, Pablo E.

Soil salinity is the biggest problem which hinders the productivity of agricultural crops, causing adverse effects on plant growth and development. In this regard, it has been shown that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can establish a symbiosis with most agricultural plants improving water and nutrient absorption under salinity stress conditions. The functional contribution of AMF strains (Claroideoglomus claroideum (Cc) and a native consortium of AMF (HM) isolated from saline soils) on the growth and nutrition of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) was evaluated under increasing salt stress conditions (0, 40, and 80 mM NaCl). At 60 days of growth, biomass production, nutrient content (N, P), ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), chlorophyll, proline content, and AMF propagules were evaluated. The highest growth was observed in plants inoculated with Cc, which produced a higher percentage of root colonization and hyphal length at all levels of salinity, compared to plants inoculated with HM or non-inoculated plants. These results were directly related to higher biomass production, increased synthesis of proline, increased N uptake, and noticeable changes in ionic relations, based in a diminishing Na+, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Our results suggest that this improved ionic balance is due to a filtering effect of AMF structures both in the soil and in the root that prevents the entry of toxic Na+ ions, which is important due to the level of lettuce production on saline soils improving the crop by means of directed inoculation with efficient AMF strains. © 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

, BORIE BORIE, FERNANDO RICARDO, CASTILLO RUBIO, CLAUDIA GIOVANNA, Castillo, Claudia G.R., Solano, Jaime, Collinao, Mauricio, Catalán, Rocío, Campos, Pedro, Aguilera, Paula, Sieverding, Ewald, Borie, Fernando R.

Intercropping is especially relevant for low-income farmers when crop production is developed in soils under the new scenario produced by climatic change, mainly water shortage and low availability of nutrients especially P. An example of this would happen in volcanic soils of Southern Chile with high P fixing capacity and where most cereals are cropped. The aim of this study was to compare the benefits obtained on soil biochemical properties and on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth when sowed under monoculture or intercropped with non-mycorrhizal plants such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), canola (Brassica napus L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Wheat plants parameters such as shoot growth and morphological root traits together with some soil biological and chemical characteristics were measured after 30 and 44 d of plant growing in pots under controlled conditions. Results showed nonsignificant differences on growth parameters (i.e., height and shoot/root biomass) and P acquisition between monocrop and intercropped wheat. Conversely, wheat root morphological traits namely total length, root area, and forks were greatly reduced (around 50%) regardless of plant species. Intercropping tended to increase P availability and significantly reduced rhizosphere soil pH, with the lowest levels observed for wheat-canola combination (from 7.5 to 5.6). Intercropping produced a slight reduction in mycorrhizal colonization but increased over 100% viable spores number and exerted a variable effect on the microbial C-biomass, with greater values observed in wheat-canola combination (1.49 mg g-1). These results encourage us to deepen the use of some new plant combinations in family farming carried out in volcanic soils. © 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

2021, BORIE BORIE, FERNANDO RICARDO, Solano Solís, Jaime, González Villagra, Jorge, Collinao Calfumán, Mauricio, Borie Borie, Fernando, Castillo Rubio, Claudia

En Andisoles del sur de Chile, el rendimiento de los cultivos está principalmente limitado por fijación de fósforo (P) y fitotoxicidad por aluminio (Al3+), existieron escasos antecedentes sobre rotaciones con trigo que incluyan cultivos andinos. Resulta relevante el conocimiento de la arquitectura radical en estos cultivos con el fin de mejorar su productividad, al otorgar una mayor capacidad de absorción de agua, nutrientes y tolerancia a estreses bióticos y abióticos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la arquitectura radical en estadios tempranos de desarrollo de cultivos andinos establecidos en un Andisol del sur de Chile en condiciones de campo. Durante la temporada 2019/2020 se estableció un ensayo en campo utilizando cuatro cultivos: alforfón (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), amaranto (Amaranthus spp.), lupino (Lupinus albus L.) y quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.), todos no micorrizables, y como comparación se usó avena (Avena sativa L.), un cultivo micorrizable. En el periodo de crecimiento se realizaron cuatro muestreos de plantas y suelo registrando estadios fenológicos y evaluando arquitectura de raíces, pH del suelo y P disponible. En la primera mitad del ciclo vegetativo, el crecimiento de los cultivos fue continuo y se redujo drásticamente al final del ciclo de desarrollo, por la sequía imperante durante los meses de verano. Estas condiciones climáticas afectaron a quínoa y lupino, los cuales mostraron alta sensibilidad al estrés hídrico. En general, en todos los cultivos se observó una buena arquitectura radical, lo que sugiere una movilización de P en forma más eficiente. Mayor longitud radical se obtuvo en el alforfón, mientras que mejor capacidad de adaptación al medio se observó en quínoa. Se concluye que, mediante un adecuado manejo agronómico al incorporar quínoa o amaranto como precultivos en rotación con trigo, se podría incrementar la disponibilidad de P para el cultivo siguiente reduciendo la aplicación de fertilizantes químicos.