Biopolítica y gubernamentalidad en el Wallmapu (Araucanía) desde el nivel del sujeto. Manuel Manquilef y la "Jimnasia Nacional" en los albores del siglo XX
Biopolítica y gubernamentalidad en el Wallmapu (Araucanía) desde el nivel del sujeto. Manuel Manquilef y la "Jimnasia Nacional" en los albores del siglo XX
Authors
Mieres Chacaltana, Manuel
Llancavil Llancavil, Daniel
Mansilla Sepúlveda, Juan
Llancavil Llancavil, Daniel
Mansilla Sepúlveda, Juan
Authors
Date
2021
Datos de publicación:
HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local, Vol. 13, N° 6, 73-104, 2021
Keywords
Biopolítica - Gubernamentalidad - Estado chileno - Educación física - Mapuches
Collections
Abstract
En el presente artículo se indaga sobre la perspectiva desarrollada por Manuel Manquilef, a principios del siglo XX, respecto de los juegos, bailes y ejercicios domésticos y guerreros que practicaban los mapuches. Este profesor normalista de ascendencia mapuche valorizó el rescate de dichas prácticas físicas, en cuanto fundamentos del alma de un pueblo que era necesario preservar. El marco teórico se establece desde las nociones de verdad, sujeto, gubernamentalidad y biopolítica, definidas por Michel Foucault, articulado con una aproximación desde el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS). Consecuentemente, la metodología articula un diseño descriptivo denso con estructuras reticulares de carácter egocentrado, generadas con herramientas provenientes del ARS. A partir de este entramado teórico-metodológico, se levanta un análisis frontal que intenta tensionar la relación entre discurso y sujeto. Específicamente, los márgenes disponibles de libertad en la intrincada trama de saber-poder desplegada en la sociedad chilena a principios del siglo XX. Trama en la que se insertó Manquilef oriundo del territorio del Wallmapu (Araucanía), por entonces, recientemente anexado al Estado chileno. Se concluye que las ideas de Manquilef, al margen de sus intenciones, resultaron funcionales a la acción asimiladora impulsada por la gubernamentalidad chilena en la Araucanía poco después de concretada su ocupación.
This article examines the perspective developed by Manuel Manquilef at the beginning of the 20th century regarding the games, dances and domestic and martial exercises practised by the Mapuches. This school teacher, of Mapuche origin, valued the rescuing of these physical practices that represented an essential part of the soul of a people as something that was necessary to preserve. The theoretical framework is established embracing the notions of truth, subject, governance and biopolitics defined by Michel Foucault, articulated with an approach stemming from the Analysis of Social Networks (ASN). Consequently, the methodology encompasses a dense descriptive design with ego-centred reticular structures, based on tools provided by the ASN. On the basis of this theoretical-methodological network, there emerges a frontal analysis aimed at straining the relationship between discourse and subject, and more specifically the available margins of freedom in the intricate fabric of knowledge-power displayed in Chilean society at the beginning of the 20th century. Into this weave, Manquilef, native to the Wallmapu territory (Araucanía) at that time and which was subsequently annexed to the Chilean state, became immersed. The conclusion reached is that Manquilef’s ideas, whatever his intentions may have been, proved to be functional to the process of assimilation spurred by the Chilean governance in Araucanía shortly after its effective occupation.
This article examines the perspective developed by Manuel Manquilef at the beginning of the 20th century regarding the games, dances and domestic and martial exercises practised by the Mapuches. This school teacher, of Mapuche origin, valued the rescuing of these physical practices that represented an essential part of the soul of a people as something that was necessary to preserve. The theoretical framework is established embracing the notions of truth, subject, governance and biopolitics defined by Michel Foucault, articulated with an approach stemming from the Analysis of Social Networks (ASN). Consequently, the methodology encompasses a dense descriptive design with ego-centred reticular structures, based on tools provided by the ASN. On the basis of this theoretical-methodological network, there emerges a frontal analysis aimed at straining the relationship between discourse and subject, and more specifically the available margins of freedom in the intricate fabric of knowledge-power displayed in Chilean society at the beginning of the 20th century. Into this weave, Manquilef, native to the Wallmapu territory (Araucanía) at that time and which was subsequently annexed to the Chilean state, became immersed. The conclusion reached is that Manquilef’s ideas, whatever his intentions may have been, proved to be functional to the process of assimilation spurred by the Chilean governance in Araucanía shortly after its effective occupation.
Description
El artículo fue financiado por el proyecto “Enseñanza del Tema Ocupación de la Araucanía: hacia un modelo de
formación basado en el Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido”, vinculado al Programa de Pedagogía en Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad
Católica de Temuco (Proyecto Interno UCT1312)