La evaluación del paisaje: Una herramienta de gestión ambiental
La evaluación del paisaje: Una herramienta de gestión ambiental
Authors
Muñoz Pedreros, Andrés
Authors
Date
2012-02-26
Datos de publicación:
10.4067/S0716-078X2004000100011
Keywords
Paisaje visual - Gestión ambiental
Collections
Abstract
El paisaje es la expresión espacial y visual del medio. Es un recurso natural escaso, valioso y con demanda creciente, fácilmente depreciable y difícilmente renovable. El paisaje visual considera la estética y la capacidad de percepción por un observador. Para evaluar un paisaje existen diferentes métodos y procedimientos; aquí se propone un método mixto con valoración directa de subjetividad representativa y análisis posterior indirecto con análisis de componentes principales. El método propuesto intenta mejorar el problema de la subjetividad con grupos de evaluadores cuya opinión global sea representativa y es valorado con instrumentos que contienen listas de adjetivos con expresión numérica que facilita su procesamiento. En el análisis de componentes principales sí participan paneles de expertos. La técnica de valoración del paisaje es el análisis de preferencias, que parte aceptando que el valor de un paisaje está en función del número de individuos que le prefieren. También se describe un método para valorar la fragilidad del paisaje, que integrado a la valoración permite aplicar criterios de preservación y conservación. Una evaluación equivaldrá a una fotografía instantánea, que podrá ser comparada con una fotografía homóloga del futuro. Esto permitirá cuantificar las pérdidas (o ganancias) de paisajes valiosos, sus agentes destructivos y sus medidas mitigantes. El ciudadano promedio está, por diferentes motivos, internalizando cada vez más una suerte de "conciencia ambiental" que redunda en una novedosa valorización de los espacios naturales y sus ecosistemas. Esto explica la creciente resistencia ciudadana a perder espacios de alto valor turístico, paisajístico y recreacional. Por esto se debería controlar el impacto ambiental que ciertos proyectos ocasionen sobre el paisaje, especialmente cuando se trate de tomar decisiones frente a propuestas de instalaciones industriales o facilidades públicas (caminos, alcantarillados y otros). Para ejemplificar la metodología propuesta, se presenta información de un estudio realizado en la Ruta 5 Sur de Chile, en un transecto norte-sur de 587 kms.
The landscape is the spatial and visual expression of our surroundings. It is a scarce natural resource, valuable and in growing demand, easily depreciated and difficult to renew. The visual landscape encompasses the aesthetics and the capacity of perception of the observer. In order to evaluate a landscape there are several methods and procedures. A mixed method is proposed with direct valuation of representative subjectivity and a subsequent indirect analysis with an analysis of main components. This modified method attempts to solve the problem of subjectivity with groups of evaluators whose global opinion is representative, and is valuated using a survey that contains a lists of adjectives with numeric values to facilitate its processing. A panel of experts will participate in the analysis of main components. The technique of valuation of the landscape is the analysis of preferences, that regards the value of a landscape as a function of the number of individuals who prefer it. A method is also described to evaluate the fragility of the landscape, which together with the valuation allow the application of criteria for preservation and conservation. An evaluation will be equivalent to a photograph taken at a specific instant in time, that could be compared with a similar photograph in the future. This will make it possible to quantify the loss (or improvement) of valuable landscapes, their destructive agents and their restoration management. The average citizen is nowadays, for several reasons, developing an "environmental conscience" with a newfound recognition of the value of natural spaces and their ecosystems. This explains the increasing resistance from the public to the loss of spaces of high tourism, scenic and recreational value. For this reason, it is imperative to control the environmental impact that certain projects can have on the landscape, especially in the decision making process regarding proposals for projects from the private industry or public utilities (roads, sewer systems, and others). As an example of the proposed methodology, results are shown from a study in the Ruta 5 Sur de Chile, in a north-south 587 km long segment.
The landscape is the spatial and visual expression of our surroundings. It is a scarce natural resource, valuable and in growing demand, easily depreciated and difficult to renew. The visual landscape encompasses the aesthetics and the capacity of perception of the observer. In order to evaluate a landscape there are several methods and procedures. A mixed method is proposed with direct valuation of representative subjectivity and a subsequent indirect analysis with an analysis of main components. This modified method attempts to solve the problem of subjectivity with groups of evaluators whose global opinion is representative, and is valuated using a survey that contains a lists of adjectives with numeric values to facilitate its processing. A panel of experts will participate in the analysis of main components. The technique of valuation of the landscape is the analysis of preferences, that regards the value of a landscape as a function of the number of individuals who prefer it. A method is also described to evaluate the fragility of the landscape, which together with the valuation allow the application of criteria for preservation and conservation. An evaluation will be equivalent to a photograph taken at a specific instant in time, that could be compared with a similar photograph in the future. This will make it possible to quantify the loss (or improvement) of valuable landscapes, their destructive agents and their restoration management. The average citizen is nowadays, for several reasons, developing an "environmental conscience" with a newfound recognition of the value of natural spaces and their ecosystems. This explains the increasing resistance from the public to the loss of spaces of high tourism, scenic and recreational value. For this reason, it is imperative to control the environmental impact that certain projects can have on the landscape, especially in the decision making process regarding proposals for projects from the private industry or public utilities (roads, sewer systems, and others). As an example of the proposed methodology, results are shown from a study in the Ruta 5 Sur de Chile, in a north-south 587 km long segment.