Aplicación de biomarcadores como herramienta de evaluación de contaminación en efluentes de pisciculturas.
Aplicación de biomarcadores como herramienta de evaluación de contaminación en efluentes de pisciculturas.
Authors
Authors
Date
2015-01-11
Datos de publicación:
Keywords
Pisciculturas - Acuicultura - Comunidades bentónicas
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Abstract
El hombre ha introducido al ambiente una amplia gama de sustancias químicas que no están presentes en forma natural. Por esta razón existen múltiples factores estresores como la contaminación producto de las actividades productivas, que pueden ejercer efectos acumulativos y sinérgicos en el ambiente. En los ríos una de las razones de la degradación ambiental de sus sistemas acuáticos es producto de la expansión de las pisciculturas, puesto que sus efluentes son considerados como un potencial contribuyente de la alteración física como también química de los recursos hídricos; enriquecimiento de nutrientes en la recepción de las masas de agua, la eutrofización posterior ,cambios en la deriva de comunidades bentónicas y el estado ecológico perturbado según lo encontrado por publicaciones a nivel mundial .Es así como numerosos contaminantes ambientales (o sus metabolitos) han mostrado ejercer efectos tóxicos a nivel sub-letal, relacionados a un proceso llamado estrés oxidativo. Una manera de evaluar los efectos derivados de las descargas de los cultivos acuícolas como desechos de alimentos, fármacos (anestésicos, antibióticos, antiparasitarios), es través del uso de biomarcadores en comunidades bentónicas, más específicamente determinar el estrés oxidativo producido por las descargas de efluentes, mediante ensayos enzimáticos para medir las principales defensas antioxidantes del organismo como son la Catalasa (CAT), guayacol peroxidasa (POD) y Glutatión reductasa (Gpx), estimando las consecuencias biológicas de este tipo de contaminación mediante reacciones intra-celulares de los organismos bentónicos pertenecientes al sistema enzimático oxidante. Estableciendo un nuevo enfoque metodológico para determinar las respuestas de los organismos frente a los organismos estresores promoviendo la aplicación de biomarcadores integrales de efecto como herramienta de evaluación del estado de salud del ecosistema, entregando un instrumento de diagnóstico del grado del impacto ambiental originado por los efluentes de pisciculturas.
The man entered the room a wide range of chemicals that are not naturally occurring. For this reason there are many stress factors such as contamination from productive activities that can have cumulative and synergistic effects on the environment. In the rivers of the reasons of environmental degradation of aquatic systems is the result of the expansion of fish farms, since their effluents are considered as a potential contributor of physics as chemical alteration of water resources; nutrient enrichment in receiving water bodies, the subsequent eutrophication, changes in the drift of benthic communities and environmental status disturbed as found in publications worldwide. 's and many environmental pollutants (or its metabolites) have shown exert toxic effects at sub - lethal levels, related to a process called oxidative stress. One way to assess the effects of discharges from fish farming as food waste , drugs ( anesthetics , antibiotics , antiparasitic ) , is through the use of biomarkers in benthic communities , more specifically determine the oxidative stress caused by effluent discharges by enzymatic assays to measure the main body's antioxidant defenses such as catalase (CAT ) , guaiacol peroxidase (POD ) and glutathione reductase ( Gpx ) , estimating the biological consequences of this type of contamination by intracellular reactions of benthic organisms belonging to the oxidizing enzyme system . Setting a new methodological approach to determine the responses of organisms to stressors facing organizations to promote the implementation of comprehensive biomarkers of effect as a tool for assessing the status of ecosystem health, providing a diagnostic tool grade environmental impact caused by the effluents of fish farms.
The man entered the room a wide range of chemicals that are not naturally occurring. For this reason there are many stress factors such as contamination from productive activities that can have cumulative and synergistic effects on the environment. In the rivers of the reasons of environmental degradation of aquatic systems is the result of the expansion of fish farms, since their effluents are considered as a potential contributor of physics as chemical alteration of water resources; nutrient enrichment in receiving water bodies, the subsequent eutrophication, changes in the drift of benthic communities and environmental status disturbed as found in publications worldwide. 's and many environmental pollutants (or its metabolites) have shown exert toxic effects at sub - lethal levels, related to a process called oxidative stress. One way to assess the effects of discharges from fish farming as food waste , drugs ( anesthetics , antibiotics , antiparasitic ) , is through the use of biomarkers in benthic communities , more specifically determine the oxidative stress caused by effluent discharges by enzymatic assays to measure the main body's antioxidant defenses such as catalase (CAT ) , guaiacol peroxidase (POD ) and glutathione reductase ( Gpx ) , estimating the biological consequences of this type of contamination by intracellular reactions of benthic organisms belonging to the oxidizing enzyme system . Setting a new methodological approach to determine the responses of organisms to stressors facing organizations to promote the implementation of comprehensive biomarkers of effect as a tool for assessing the status of ecosystem health, providing a diagnostic tool grade environmental impact caused by the effluents of fish farms.